I love the sound of your guitar. What kind of effects to you add to get it to sound like that?
I play a Takamine Santa Fe model DSF48C. All I do is plug it in and go. I never add any kind of effects to it because it sounds so good just the way it is.  I came to this guitar seven years ago after watching John Cunningham play in State College, PA.  I used to go to hear him a couple times a week just to figure out how he drew such huge crowds. I fell in love with his guitar, another Takamine model.  No one I had ever heard had a sound like that. Well I figured if I was gonna steal his set list, I might as well steal his guitar type too, so I went shopping for a guitar that sounded just like John’s.  I came up with the Santa Fe.  There’s something about the electronics in those guitars…. and something about the way the strings resonate. When you play a chord, it rings loud and clear forever. Takamine does this better than anyone I’ve heard. I owned a Taylor 810 Brazilian with a Fishman pickup for a few years but only ever played it out a couple times  Although the Taylor had a fantastic sound unplugged, I thought it was too difficult to get a great sound amplified. I ended up selling it on Ebay. Oh, and another reason the guitar sounds good is I keep the strings changed regularly.

What’s that thing covering the sound hole of your guitar?

It’s called a feedback buster. It’s a $6 piece of rubber you can pick up at any music store. It keeps the guitar from feeding back when you’re standing in front of the speakers. You can see a description at http://proaudiomusic.com/accessories/feedback-buster.htm
What kind of strings to you use?
I use D’Addario EJ-16 Phosphor-bronze strings all the time. I’m not an expert on strings at all. I buy these because I can get them cheap and they sound good. You can buy them anywhere guitar strings are sold, but since I tend to use a lot of them, I buy them from Musician’s Friend in a 3-pack for $14.99. This breaks down to $5. for each pack of strings.
How often do you change your strings?
I don’t have a schedule for this. I just change them when they start to sound dead and lifeless. During the cooler months, this is typically about every four or five gigs. During the summer, when I sweat a lot, I have to change them after every one or two gigs.  Three hours of heavy perspiration kills them dead. My strings normally sound brilliant and crystal clear. When they stop sounding like that, it’s time to change.
Do you break a lot of strings?
You’ve probably noticed I pound the daylights out of my guitar. This leads to broken strings all the time, notably the G and D strings. I’ve had the guitar looked at for sharp spots on the frets and had some work done on it to reduce the problem, but I still break them. Sometimes I can play all the strings until they all need changed without a break, other times I can put a new set on and have two strings break the same night.  There seems to be no system to this.  I’ve gotten pretty fast at changing them without stopping the show.  This requires me to sing and change at the same time. Neat trick, no?
What kind of MIDI gear do you use?
Up until July of 2002 I used an Emu Proteus 2000 sound module and triggered it with a Yamaha MDF3 Midi Filer, however most recently I've been converting my midis to MP3s and playing them from disk. This conversion to audio allows me more flexibility for adding effects and or/ background vocals. I still use the Proteus 2000 for most of the sounds, but I no longer have to carry it with me. I have a little studio set up in my office at home where I do all the work. I also use the Edirol Virtual Sound Canvas DXI that comes bundled with Cakewalk's Sonar 2. It's an excellent source of midi sounds and very easy to use. The Edirol module has several great sounding general midi drum kits which the Proteus doesn't have (Proteus has great sounding drums, but they aren't in the GM format and must be mapped to each individual song). After burning the songs to CD, I play them back using a Numark MPCD3. This is a professional rack-mounted DJ rig that plays regular CDs as well as MP3s.
What do you use to program the MIDI sequences?
I use Cakewalk Sonar 2 (Note, Cakewalk released Sonar 3 in September 2003 and Sonar 2 is no longer for sale on their web site) to polish everything, but I don’t actually sequence the stuff myself. I purchase my midis from Midi-Hits.com. These guys are the absolute best at programming sequences, and it's worth every penny of the $9.00 you pay for each song because it would take me days to do it myself. Read the endorsement letter I sent to Midi-Hits for more information. By the way, I did sequence one song on my own: Garth Brook's When You Come Back To Me Again. It took me three weeks and over 60 hours. I never want to do that again.
What do you mean you polish your Midis?
The big thing is this: the Proteus 2000 that synthesizes all my instruments is not General Midi compatible (You can learn about GM here). This means that whenever I download a song (whether I purchase it or just snag it off a free midi web page), I have to assign Proteus sounds to each of the midi tracks. For example, if the original sequencer (the person, not the machine) played a sequence as a slap bass, I have to tell Proteus to assign a slap bass to that track, otherwise it might play a tambourine or something. I knew nothing about midi nor about GM when I bought the Proteus. I just bought it because a musician I respect suggested it to me. It's a great machine, but I had no idea what the lack of GM was going to mean to me in terms of time. Take it from me, if you're going to buy a sound module, buy one that has a GM bank. I also have to mix the tracks down. Because the Proteus has different volume levels from the original sequencer, I have to mix all the volumes to suit my own ear. Most of the time I also have to change the performance key. Many songs are just too high for my vocal range, so I use Sonar to drop the key a couple steps. Nearly every song has a few bad notes that the sequencer missed, so I fix those too. The entire process from purchase to performance is a time consuming effort. Even though I don't sequence my own midi's I spend two or three hours tweaking each of them before they ever make it onto the CD for performance.
If it's that much work to use MIDI, why don't you just buy prerecorded audio tracks?
Good question. This is another one I've batted around a lot. The reason I went with MIDI instead of karaoke-type tracks in the first place is that I wanted to have a sound that was as close to a live band as possible. karaoke tracks tend to sound more like the stuff you hear from your stereo. Anyone who's ever heard a live band knows that there's a big difference in the way a song sounds live as opposed to hearing it on the stereo. This is because live sound tends to be heavy on the bottom end and not nearly as compressed as prerecorded music. I didn't think I could get that kind of live quality from karaoke tracks. Another big issue was the inflexibility of prerecorded audio. You can't change the key and you can't change the performance. You're stuck with whatever you have. MIDI gives you total flexibility over all of this stuff. MIDI is a lot more work, but the result is much better for a live performance, and as I said earlier, midi can be exported to audio and burned onto CD giving me all the control I need..

How long did it take you to learn how to use MIDI?

I'm still learning, but the steepest part of the learning curve is past now. I spent a solid two months, six or seven hours a day learning. I knew absolutely nothing when I started. I had to search the net for definitions of basic terms like bank, sequencer, sound module and tracks.. I had to research equipment, and then finally learn how to use it all. It was a very, very frustrating two months. The most agonizing thing was not knowing what to buy just to get started. I had already spent a month of agonizing work before I learned that I could actually download presequenced midis from the Internet. I did all this in the summer of 2000. By the end of summer I had successfully coaxed about 30 MIDI tunes onto disk and had started performing with them.
Tell me more about Midi-Hits.

Midi-Hits.com is the company that sequences nearly all the midis I use. Last year I wrote Midi-Hits a letter telling them how much I liked their products and they posted that letter on their web site. Now I get letters from musicians all over the country asking me questions about my experience with them. One of the most frequent questions I get is about the quality of the midis themselves.

The Midi-Hit songs are extremely, expertly well done. The people at Midi-Hits are very accurate at getting all the notes in the right places. Much better than any of their competitors. I love them, I use them exclusively, there's none better.... BUT! If you're going to use midi, you need to be aware of the limitations of the medium itself.

Once you get past the accuracy of the midi notes themselves, the quality of playback for any midi song is directly related to the quality of the sound module you use. If you just download a song and play it back through your sound module (or heaven forbid... your computer's sound card!), it will never sound as good as a song that has been mixed in the recording studio using real instruments. You can get very close, but it takes a lot of work. Midi-hits does a rough mix that is usually suitable for most situations, but if you want your songs to sound as close to the real thing as possible, you'll have to do some remixing yourself using Sonar or Cubase or some other editing software. I do extensive remixes on all of my midis. I don't have to do anything with the notes, just assign better instrument patches and adjust the volume for each instrument. Many times I'll export a track to audio and then use audio effects on it, such as some delay on a snare drum.

What I value in Midi-Hits is the fact that they rarely miss anything that is in the original song. They put in the background vocals (using midi ahhs and oohs), they almost never hit a bad note, and they nail the endings for live performances, even if the original song had a fade out. Their musicians are dead on the money. They save me time because I'm not a keyboard player and it would take me weeks to program one single song.

These days I use Edirol's HyperCanvas soft synth to reproduce my instrument sounds inside Cakewalk's Sonar. Midi-Hits makes extensive use of the effects available in the General Midi 2 format, and HyperCanvas reproduces those effects beautifully. If you don't have a GM-2 compatible sound module, you won't get the full effect, but the notes will still be accurate.

The bottom line is, Midi-Hits are the best midis you can buy, bar none... but you have to keep in mind the limitations of midi in general and be prepared to spend some time remixing to get the best possible results.

I set up a web page for you to compare the differences between original MH files and remixes. You'll find it here. Note: you'll have to have RealPlayer installed on your computer to hear the remixes.

One other item of interest about Midi-Hits...If you use Sonar, MH can send your midis in Cakewalk format. One benefit to this is that the drum tracks are all broken out for you and all of the tracks are labeled. The other companies I've dealt with don't offer this.

By the way, I've also had excellent results with Peter Solley Productions' midis. You can't get them in Cakewalk format, and he doesn't sequence background vocals, but the quality is excellent.

I've had less than desirable dealings with HitTrax. I believe that, unlike Midi-Hits who has their own in-house production team, this company obtains their midis from third party sequencers all over the world. This leads to holes in their quality control. The three midi's I purchased from them all had to be extensively reworked in Sonar; bad or missing notes in all of the songs, and one tune even completely lacked a bridge that was in the original. If anyone else has had a different experience with them, please let me know. I want to believe I do! I do!

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What do I need to know about licensing songs for my new CD?

There are two kinds of monies that must be paid for songs:

1. The right to record a song (CDs, TV shows, Movies, etc) The right to record music is owned by a song's publisher and must be licensed by the publisher. So if you want to record Britney Spears' latest song on your own CD (yech!) you'll have to find out who owns the publishing rights and pay them.

2. The right to have music played in or from your business (radio stations, elevator music, jukeboxes, live performances, etc) The collection of this money is handled by either BMI or ASCAP. These two companies collect money on behalf of the publishers they represent, but only for performances. Most of their revenue is collected from radio stations who must keep a detailed playlist of everything they play, and pay accordingly. So each time "Oh Baby Baby" is played on the radio, BMI or ASCAP collects.

The first type of licensing is what you need to be concerned with if you want to record a CD of non-original music. This is called Mechanical Licensing.

Mechanical Licensing is pretty simple to understand, but it's not easy to actually do. Songs are owned by publishers (and not the songwriters, as many people think). The publishers are responsible for making sure the songwriter earns a piece of the action each time a song is recorded. The publishers pay the writers a royalty from the fees they collect. Most publishers have found life is easier if they retain a third party to oversee the actual licensing of their songs, someone to take care of contracts, make sure the money is collected, etc. That third party is the Harry Fox Agency. Fox takes care of all the "dirty work" of sending out contracts and collecting money from people like you and me as well as the big time heavy-hitters who will sell millions of CDs with Fox songs on them.

Other publishers handle the licensing process all by themselves. Songwriters like Dianne Warrenn (Real Songs) and Jimmy Buffett (Coral Reefer Music) have such a huge portfolio of their own songs that they've formed their own publishing companies and handle all the licensing right there. If you record songs by the Eagles, many of their songs were co-written, and each writer is represented by a different publisher. That means that the publishing rights are owned by 2 or 3 different publishers, who share the proceeds from the recording of a song. To license the song, you may have to deal with each publisher individually.

Seventy percent of the publishers out there retain the Harry Fox agency as the third party that handles the licensing on their behalf. This makes it easy for the publishers as well as the people who want to license the songs (us). Unfortunately, this means that 30% of the publishers DON'T use the Fox Agency. So if you record a song owned by a publisher NOT handled by Fox, you must contact that publisher directly and make arrangements for payment with them. Believe me, this is a major pain in the ass.

Fox's plan is simple. You tell them which songs you intend to record, and they send you authorization to record and a pile of reporting sheets. You report how many of each song you sold each quarter and send them a check accordingly.

The publishers not handled by Fox want their money up front, and most won't deal unless you pay them for at least 1000 recordings in advance. They don't care that you only intend to record 500 CD's, they have a 1000 copy minimum. This became expensive for me because I had to pay the individual publishers $80 right up front (.08 per song x 1000 CDs... the industry standard) before they would send me the license (which I had to have before the CDs could be pressed).

I had my completed CD sitting at the manufacturer for nearly three months before I scraped up all the licenses I needed to go to press. This particular manufacturer wouldn't proceed until they had their asses covered by the licenses. The whole licensing process was very frustrating and time consuming. Dealing with Fox was a breeze, it was the other non-Fox publishers that were the pain. Why?

First you have to find out who OWNS the rights to a song. Fox has a searchable database on their web site so you can find out right away if they handle a song, but if the song isn't in their stable, you have to discover the publisher on your own. Both BMI and ASCAP have searchable databases of the songs they represent, and nearly every song ever recorded is being handled by one of these two companies, so if you can't find a song at Fox, check them out.
You'll find the BMI database at http://repertoire.bmi.com/startpage.asp.
You'll find ASCAP's database at http://www.ascap.com/ace/search.cfm?mode=search

Next, you have to contact the publisher and ask them what their process is for licensing. The process may be different for each publisher. Some will deal through email, others want to use snail mail. Some publishers have a rep working on premises who handles this sort of business, others retain a LAWYER to do it for them. Some publishers are fast, others are slow (returning your calls, sending you stuff, etc). And if the person you need to talk to is on vacation, forget it. My best experience with a non-Fox, by the way, was with Coral Reefer Music. Their rep always returned my calls and was a nice guy to deal with.

My best suggestions for aspiring recording artists:

  1. Record your own songs and you wont have to pay publishing rights.
  2. If you intend to record cover tunes, start the licensing process EARLY. There's nothing worse than having a hot master ready to go to press and then have to wait for a month for a piece of paper to arrive in the mail before proceeding.
  3. It is possible that you may not be able to obtain the recording rights for a song, so before you invest a lot of money recording something in the studio, do your homework.
  4. Talk to a pre-press color processor at the beginning of the CD project. Your CD artwork must be color separated, sized and saved to disk in a format that's usable by the company you choose to manufacture your CDs. This takes time, and it's better to do your research in the beginning of the project rather than being unnecessarily delayed at the end. Many CD production houses offer this as a service, but you may be better off doing it locally where you can talk to people and see the finished project before it ships out to the manufacturer. Even if you don't use the color people you talk to, they'll be a great source of information. For one thing, they'll tell you why you need the services of someone who does what they do. And they may be able to recommend a good photographer in your area who will save you time and money by doing things right the first time. If you live in the Blair County PA area, I recommend a company called Color Scan.
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Questions Frequently Asked by Other Musicians
 
  1. I love the sound of your guitar. What kind of effects to you add to get it to sound like that?
  2. What’s that thing covering the sound hole of your guitar?
  3. What kind of strings do you use?
  4. How often do you change your strings?
  5. You always seem to be breaking strings. How come?
  6. What kind of MIDI gear do you use?
  7. What do you use to program the MIDI sequences?
  8. What do you mean you polish your Midis?
  9. If it's that much work to use MIDI, why don't you just buy prerecorded audio tracks?
  10. How long did it take you to learn how to use MIDI?
  11. Tell me more about Midi-Hits.
  12. What do I need to know about licensing songs for my new CD?
  13. Is that a CD player I see in your rack of stuff?
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